The Abrahamic Religions
By Shaykh Ahmad kuftaro, the late Grand mufti of Syria
Published: 2002
In the name of God, the gracious, the Merciful: O People of Faith! This address continues a long dialogue history among the people of revealed religions. Allah has favored them with His solicitude and granted them guidance through the light of His remembrance, thus uniting them as members of one family and spreading through them all good and mercy. Though there were prophets before Abraham, Allah’s will was that the later generation of Prophets is his offspring. For that reason, Abraham became the friend of Allah and a spiritual symbol around whom the people of faith flocked.
The great success of these Prophets after Abraham called for the Message of Allah, each paving the way for the next one by Allah’s divine decree. Thus, at each stage of human history, no group of people was left without religious instruction. Prophet Muhammad explained his mission in the following words from Sahih Bukhari:
The comparison between me and the preceding prophets is similar to a group of people who took part in building a house and completed it but for a space for one block or brick. Onlookers admired it and said in astonishment, ‘What a beautiful mansion if it were not for the place of the missing brick.’ I have been this brick, and I am the last or the seal of the prophets.
Muhammad then emphasized, “I am only one brick of it.” In this analogy, the Prophet does not refer to himself as the whole house but as a part of this structure of prophethood. Thus, he draws the attention of his nation and the followers of previous prophets to the essential fact that the true glory of the people of faith can come only through cooperation and integration. As if to confirm this, Allah says in the Qur’an:
Verily, your community of religion is one community, and I am your Only Lord and Cherisher. Therefore serve Me (and no other). Surah al Anbiya’ (The Prophets), 21:92
Islam does not identify with a single person or race but rather with recognition of and submission to Allah. Thus, mere faith in Muhammad does not suffice. Islam demands belief in the grand caravan of Prophets, of which Abraham is the vanguard. His offspring include Isaac, Ishmael, Jacob, Joseph, David, Solomon, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad; peace be upon them all. They are the teachers and examples of humanity, and their spiritual stations were assigned solely by Allah.
Thus, to attribute sinful behavior to any of them, which even ordinary people would be ashamed of committing, would be to question the wisdom of Allah in choosing such people. Hence, Islam emphatically maintains such men’s high moral and ethical status. Furthermore, to deny or reject any Prophets would be to abandon faith. Thus, preserving the integrity of prophethood and its lineage paves the way for the cooperation of the people of faith. The Qur’an says:
Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds. Surah al Fatiha (The Opening Chapter), 1:2
Allah does not identify Himself solely with the Muslims, the Arabs, or the Semitic tribes. He is the Lord of the Worlds. Therefore, whoever turns to Allah in love and worship understands that there are other people of faith with whom he has to cooperate to fulfill the objectives of Allah and abide by His commands. In this connection, Allah not only counsels humans about their good behavior toward others but cautions them as well:
Say to My servants that they should say (only) those things that are best, for Satan sows dissensions among them, and Satan is to man an avowed enemy. Surah Isra’ (The Ascension) or Bani Isra’il (The Children of Israel), 17:53
Muslim scholars of the Qur’an say that linguistically the name Abraham means “a compassionate father.”
This corresponds with the meaning found in most Semitic languages at that time. There is undoubtedly a direct relationship between his name and the great message for which Abraham was chosen, namely his responsibility for the universal call to Allah. For his part, Prophet Muhammad is ordered in the Qur’an:
Say, My Lord has guided me to a straight path, to an upright religion, to the Path of Abraham, the true in faith, who was no idolater. Surah al An’am (The Cattle), 6:161
It is wise that the Children of Abraham should call each other to a mutual encounter. In so doing, it brings them together and creates mutual love and affection within their hearts. Together they form most of the earth’s inhabitants, so the harmony caused by such a union creates the nucleus of global peace. The belief joins the Children of Abraham in the Oneness of God. Although the direction faced in prayer may differ among Abrahamic religions, this remains a physical boundary.
The essential direction of the heart remains one, the trend toward Allah. The Holy Qur’an says that Abraham, after destroying the stone idols of his people in Babylon, said:
I have set my face firmly and honestly toward Him, Who created the heavens and the earth, and never shall I give partners to Allah. Surah al An’am (The Cattle), 6:79
This very same supplication is repeated by the Muslims each time they pray. They also acknowledge the two great commandments given in Matthew:
Jesus said to him, you shall love your Lord, your God, with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: you shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. Matthew 22, verses 37-40
The Children of Abraham also believe in the same prophets, whose lives are examples to follow. The Qur’an stresses this when it says:
We sent you Inspiration to know Our will as We sent it to Noah and the Messengers after him. We sent Inspiration to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob (Yakub), and the Tribes, to Jesus, Job (Ayub), Jonah (Yunus), Aaron (Haroun), Solomon, and to David. We gave the Psalms. Of some Messengers, We have already told you (and Moses was addressed directly), but there are others of whom We have not yet spoken. Surah al Nisaa (The Women), 4:163-164
Also in possession of the Children of Abraham are Books given to them by Allah for the guidance of their people. These revealed Books enjoin the same virtues and ban the same vices. The Qur’an says: “There is guidance and light in the Torah, which We have revealed. Following its standards, the Jews have been judged by the prophets, who bowed (as in Islam) to God’s Will, the rabbis, and the doctors of the law.” Surah al Mai’da (The Banquet Table), 5:44The Qur’an also says:
Let the people of the Gospel judge by what Allah has revealed in it. Surah al Ma’ida (The Banquet Table), 5:47
The children of Abraham hold various tenets in common: they believe in Allah and His angels and His books and Messengers. They also believe in the Day of Judgment. The Qur’an says:
Those who believe (in the Qur’an), those who follow the Jewish (Scriptures), and the Christians and the Sabeans, any who believe in Allah, and the Last Day, and work righteousness, shall have their reward with their Lord. They have nothing to fear or regret. Surah al Baqara (The Cow), 2:62
The Children of Abraham are joined together in one long historical struggle to defend the Oneness of God and in their campaigns against corruption, vice, sinfulness, and all acts of injustice. Moses fought long against the tyranny of Pharaoh and Jesus against the evils of the Romans and the exploiters of religion. Muhammad also struggled against the malicious paganism of his time. They all emanate from one source and have the same goal. Muhammad was always commanded to follow the example of Abraham and the line of prophets who were his descendants:
Therefore patiently persevere as did (all) messengers of inflexible purpose. Surah al Ahqaf (The Winding Sandhills), 46:35
And who are these Messengers but Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, Son of Mary? This brief outline of the common roots of the Abrahamic religions puts us face to face with contemporary issues. As you know, the world has witnessed two futile wars in which millions of people were killed. After this, the world faced the oppression of the cold war for forty years. After the recent demise of this atheistic philosophy, it left evil remnants that have poisoned the world. Statistics tell us of widespread perversion, crimes, sinfulness, drug addiction, gambling, etc. Adultery, fornication, and homosexuality are forbidden by all revealed religions and, as such, incur the wrath of Allah.
Homelessness is a social plague, and the use of illegal drugs has become another plague responsible for spreading contagious diseases that may even threaten the extinction of human life. What have the children of Abraham done to combat such vices? The natural enemies of faith today are the vices left by the cold war and the spread of atheism. Spiritual stagnation and fanaticism also must take their share of the blame. The People of the Torah, the Gospel, and the Qur’an should launch fierce battles against the causes of these diseases, which keep human beings from their proper relationship with their Creator. Human history is full of numerous religious wars resulting from misunderstandings between peoples.
Only with hindsight were the people of wisdom able to distinguish genuine and sincere causes from the maliciously ambitious designs of people who used religion as a screen for their evil ends. If Moses were to meet Jesus, and if both of them were to meet Muhammad, peace be upon them all; it would undoubtedly be a meeting of dutiful brothers under the umbrella of their forefather, Abraham. Moses repeatedly brought glad tidings of the Savior to come after him and Jesus of the Prophet to follow him. Finally, when Muhammad came, he confirmed the truth of all the prophetic missions before him with admirable love and compassion.
If humanity were to reflect on and understand the missions of such men, it would cast off the diseases from which it suffers today. Therefore, in addressing the Children of Abraham, the Qur’an urges them to unite in their efforts and cooperate when it says:
Say (O Muslims), We believe in Allah and what is revealed to us, and what was revealed to Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob and the Tribes, and what Moses and Jesus received, and what the other Prophets received from their Lord. Therefore, we make no distinction among them and bow to Allah in adherence and submission. Surah al Baqara (The Cow), 2:136
O People of Faith, Allah has made us kindred spirits under the banner of Abraham. He has shown us our various rites and rituals and guided us on the right path. He has laid our responsibility for human solidarity and social reform. He has urged us to exert our best efforts to establish peace, compassion, and universal humanism, recognizing the essentially spiritual nature of every person: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they are the children of God.” I conclude my talk with this verse from the Holy Qur’an, in which Allah says:
Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good see it? And anyone who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it. Surah al Zilzala (The Convulsion), 99:7-8
Peace be upon you.
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